Continued
from previous post –
Between
1933 to 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the
Reichskonkordat. Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several
German cardinals, including Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber to help
him write a protest of Nazi violations of the Reichskonkordat; this
was to become Pius XI's encyclical "Mit brennender Sorge".
The encyclical, condemning the view that "exalts race, or the
people, or the State, or a particular form of State ... above their
standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level", was
written in German instead of Latin and read in German churches on
Palm Sunday 1937.
World War II - 1939–1945
When
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the Vatican declared
neutrality to avoid being drawn into the conflict. That was also to
avoid occupation of Vatican by the Italian military. In 1944, the
German Army occupied Rome. Adolf Hitler proclaimed that he would
respect Vatican neutrality. However, several incidents, such as
giving aid to downed Allied pilots, nearly caused Nazi Germany to
invade the Vatican. Rome was liberated by the Allies after several
months of occupation.
The
Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on
material aid to war-torn Europe with its 15 million displaced persons
and refugees, an internal internationalization of the Roman Catholic
Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations.
His encyclical Evangelii praecones,
increased the local decision-making of
Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius
XII demanded recognition of local cultures as equal to European
culture. He internationalized the College of Cardinals by eliminating
the Italian majority and appointed cardinals from Asia, South America
and Australia. In Western Africa Southern Africa British Eastern
Africa, Finland, Burma and French Africa Pope Pius established
independent dioceses in 1955.
While
after years of rebuilding, the Church thrived in the West and most of
the developing world, it faced most serious persecutions in the East.
Sixty million Catholics came under Soviet dominated regimes in 1945,
with tens of thousands of priests and religious people killed, and
millions deported into Soviet and Chinese Gulags. The communist
regimes in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and China practically
eradicated the Roman Catholic Church in their countries.
The
continuing strength of the forces within the church favoring
theological innovation and energetic reform became unmistakably
evident at the Second Vatican Council, convened by Pope John XXIII
(1958–1963), and found expression especially in its decrees on
ecumenism, religious liberty, the liturgy, and the nature of the
church. The ambivalence of some of those decrees, however, and the
disciplinary turmoil and doctrinal conflict following the ending of
the council, brought about new challenges to papal authority.
On
October 11, 1962, Pope John XXIII opened the Second Ecumenical
(religional) Vatican Council. The 21st ecumenical council of the
Catholic Church emphasized the universal call to holiness and brought
many changes in practices, including an increased emphasis on
ecumenism; fewer rules on penances, fasting and other devotional
practices. Initiating a revision of the services, which were to be
slightly simplified and made supposedly more accessible by allowing
the use of native languages instead of Latin. Opposition to changes
inspired by the Council gave rise to the movement of Traditionalist
Catholics who disagree with changing the old forms of worship. These
changes have made it possible for Catholic priesthood to practice
Hindu practices such as Yoga in their spiritual life. Movement of
Traditional Catholics fear that some superior practices if introduced
as Catholic, then that may eventually nonplus original Catholic
practices and Hinduism may even replace the whole of Catholicism!
Continues
in next post –
You
may contact me on my Email ID given below,
You are invited to
visit my other blogs
Ashok
Kothare, http://ashokkotharesblog.blogspot.com/
for stories
I
reckon,
http://kotharesviews.blogspot.com/
for philosophy
You
may visit blog, Freedom of Expression,
Freedom
of Expression, http://kothare-thinks.blogspot.in/
Marathi
blog, http://kothare-marathi.blogspot.in/
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